ABSTRACT
Background Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of theLyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil.Findings During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period.Conclusions The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Rabies , Vaccines , Immunity, Active , Antibodies , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lyssavirus , Rabies/pathology , Kidney/anatomy & histology , Vaccination/classification , Zoonoses , Dogs/classificationABSTRACT
This study aimed at assessing the occurrence of antibodies against the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, as well as the associations between the presence of antibodies and the occurrence of reproductive failures in goats. Serum samples were collected from 923 goats of both sexes, over 3 months of age, from 17 dairy farms located in different municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil. Infections by T. gondii, N. caninum and CAEV were evaluated by indirect methods of diagnosis based on indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), Neospora agglutination test (NAT), and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), respectively. A survey was conducted on the farms to obtain information about reproduction dates (abortions, stillbirths and births of weak and premature kids) and zoosanitary management. Antibodies against CAEV, T. gondii and N. caninum was found in 37.81%, 23.62% and 17.23% respectively. There was no significant association between the presence of anti-CAEV antibodies and CAEV/T. gondii or CAEV/N. caninum co-infection, suggesting that CAEV does not predispose goats to infection by these agents. However, when CAEV/T. gondii (p<0.01) or CAEV/N. caninum (p<0.001) co-infection was present, the occurrence of reproductive failures was significantly higher what could indicate that CAEV-induced immunosuppression may predispose goats to develop the clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis increasing the risks of the reproductive failures.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos para o vírus da atrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV), Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum e de possíveis associações entre a presença de anticorpos e a ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos em caprinos. Para tanto, foram colhidas amostras sangüíneas de 923 caprinos de ambos os sexos, acima de três meses de idade e oriundos de 17 propriedades leiteiras, de diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os diagnósticos para T. gondii, N. caninum e CAEV foram baseados, respectivamente, na reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), teste de aglutinação para Neospora (NAT) e a imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Um inquérito epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades para obtenção de informações sobre dados reprodutivos (abortamentos, natimortalidade e nascimentos de filhotes fracos e prematuros) e de manejo zoossanitário. As ocorrências de anticorpos foram de 37,81% para CAEV, de 23,62% para T. gondii e de 17,23% para N. caninum. Não houve associação significativa entre a presença de anticorpos anti-CAEV e co-infecção com T. gondii ou N. caninum, sugerindo que o CAEV não predispõe os caprinos à infecção por estes agentes. Entretanto, quando havia, nas fazendas, animais com co-infecção pelo CAEV e T. gondii (p<0,01) ou CAEV e N. caninum (p<0,001) as ocorrências de falhas reprodutivas foram significativamente maiores, sugerindo que a imunossupressão causada pelo CAEV pode predispor os caprinos ao desenvolvimento de sintomas clínicos da toxoplasmose e neosporose, potencializando os riscos da ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos causados por estas enfermidades.